Western Democracies And The Middle East And North Africa

This issue is one that has been, and still is, contested across the world. It is easy to argue that there are examples of both successful democracies and dictatorships (especially in regards to the Middle East and the North Africa region), as well as examples of those that are failing, particularly in an economic sense. Whilst it is indeed argued that the introduction of democracy to many of the Middle Eastern countries may indeed encourage economic development, there are also many arguments as to the benefits that non-democratic countries can achieve in the same field. The example of the strength of Western democracies, whilst appropriate in the Western setting, may not transfer smoothly (or at all) into Middle Eastern society, given the differences in cultures and long term history of non-democracy found there. It is also perhaps the case that the real potential influencer upon any economic development, both short term and long term, may in fact be the capitalism that is so often a ssociated with democracy. It soon also becomes clear that, upon further study, that it is particularly difficult to compare democracies and dictatorships economically, as there are also many other factors that contribute to economic growth, which can thus make any statistics relatively redundant. Despite these setbacks to this investigation, it becomes apparent that there are in fact many noticeable comparisons between the two. Using the example of Britain, as an economically successful country,Show MoreRelatedThe Successes and Failures of the Mission1135 Words   |  5 Pagesbring about regime change and promote democracy in a target and protect civilians in Libya. On May 16, 2011, the International Criminal Court (ICC) applied for arrest warrants against Gaddafi and his son for alleged crimes against humanity, including murder and torture protesters over the period from February 15 to February 28, 2011. Gaddafi made a bloody crackdown on protesters against his government, followed by the wave of uprisings across the Middle East in early 2011. As a White House reportRead MoreSummary of ‘Why Are There No Arab Democracies? Essay861 Words   |  4 PagesLarry Diamonds presentation explores the question of why there are no Arab democracies in the Middle East and Nort h Africa. He shows us the relatively stagnant levels of democratic freedoms that have been the norm in the region for the past several decades. Diamond gives us a multitude of potential explanations for the absence of a sustainable democracy. His first explanation implicates that there must be something within the Islam or Arab culture or religion, that prevents the formation of aRead MoreU.s. Security Interests On Egyptian Citizens1944 Words   |  8 Pagesconfronting climate change, and increasing democracy and stability through the Middle East and North Africa. Combating the president role of terrorism The National Security Strategy outlines the Middle East and Africa as being two key geographic areas central to the problem of terrorism. The reason for this is the growth of regional aligned terrorist groups, such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) who operate both within in the Middle East and Africa. Over the past decade the U.S. hasRead MoreEuropean Union External Action Service784 Words   |  4 Pagesradicalization, illegal trafficking and terrorist-linked security threats affects the peace and security of the people in the Sahel region of Africa. 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The only way that Greece and Turkey may be saved is with the intervention of the USA. USA had to contribute to the suspension of communism, because Great Britain and other Western European states were economically exhausted afterRead MoreThe Arab Spring And The Middle East1511 Words   |  7 Pagesspread to other nations in the Arab world like Egypt, Libya, Syria, and Yemen. The Middle East commonly considered to be the hot-spot for tensions and instabilities. The Arab spring increased the level of tension in the states with s everal implications on the region’s security. The events of the Arab Spring lasted for three years. According to Elfatih Abdel Salam (119), the Arab Spring has led to changes in the Middle East as well as exacerbate other problems. Early 2011, the Arab awakening commencedRead MoreThe Crisis Of The Soviet Union3735 Words   |  15 Pagesrelations in the global system have been severely tested after the events of September 11, 2001. It was a crucial event, which significantly changed the trajectory of the global balance of power and has an immediate effect on the United States, its Western Allies and other regions around the world.. As a matter of national security strategy, the main priority of the U.S. becomes the demonstration of its global primacy to all challengers and overthrowing of the status quo of the powers in the hostile

Feminism Is The Theory Of The Political, Economic, And...

According to the Dictionary of Merriam-Webster, feminism is the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. That being said, feminism is meant to encourage and construct equal opportunities for both men and women without any bias of their gender. This includes but is not limited to opportunities in education as well as in payments and positions held in the work force. Socially, feminists are considered to be advocates of an equal partnership model, meaning that â€Å"social relations are primarily based on the principle of linking rather than ranking... In this model—beginning with the most fundamental difference in our species, between male and female—diversity is not equated with either inferiority or superiority(Eisler xvii). That being said, if we were to envision a world where each individual were a true feminist (based on the word’s true definition), both sexes would ultimately be treated fairly. With this concept in mind, wouldnâ €™t it make sense for both men and women to support the genuine idea of feminism and what it stands for? Unfortunately, an incredible amount of American men and women today still claim that they are not feminists. One of the main problems influencing individuals to deny being a feminist is his/her lack of education on the word and what it truly means to be a feminist individual in America. I discuss misconceptions of the word â€Å"Feminism† that are ultimately flooding our society in ways that only give off negative, derogatoryShow MoreRelatedFeminism Theory Of The Political, Economic, And Social Equality1137 Words   |  5 Pages Feminism theory according to Merriam-Webster definition is the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes (p.1). There are four major categories of feminist theories- Gender Differences, Gender Inequality, Gender Oppression and Structural Oppression. These theories analyze both women and men’s roles in society, they also question the roles of gender between men and women. This includes how class, race, ethnicity and age are viewed from a feminist perspective. The main reasonRead MoreFeminism : The Quality Of Life For Women1242 Words   |  5 Pages2014 Traditions of Feminism There is no one definite conclusion that makes up feminist ideals; it is rather a compilation of theories set to achieve a common goal, the enhancement of the quality of life for women. Since the first wave of feminist thought began back in 1835, there have been extensive changes in the opinions of individual feminists. There have been three main waves of feminist theories each yielding its own unique opinion on how to achieve their common goal of equality. 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Equality for liberal feminists means equal opportunity to work for what they want - to compete with men on equal terms in both professional and political arenas (Freidman et al., 20111, p. 6). As far as equality in the social arena,

Promotion Strategy Fitness Nestle Free Essays

Nestle Promotion Strategy. – Writing 1 Casestudy February 7, 2010 Nestle constitutes the bigger corporation in the field of research and technology of foods. Her annual investment in Research and Growth is the biggest of the branch while her personnel in this sector exceeds the 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Promotion Strategy Fitness Nestle or any similar topic only for you Order Now 000 people. The Nestle Research Centre in Lausanne, where is carried out the basic research, is recognized globally as one of the leading centres of researches in his type with above 300 publications in valid scientific publications each year. The main activity of Group Nestle, which constitutes the bigger enterprise of foodstuffs worldwide, is focused in the sector the general and special human diet. Even if initially her work was based on the milk and the special products of diet for children, many still products were added in her activities with the byway of years, such as chocolates and (CRUNCH, CAILLER, KIT KAT, AFTER EIGHT, SMARTIES etc), coffee (NESCAFE, etc), drinks (NESTEA, NESQUIK etc), cooking products (soups, broths and mash MAGGI, pastas BUITONI, tins LI[B]BY’S etc), products of refrigerator (yoghurt CHAMBOURCY, ice-creams NESTLE, MOTTA and CAMY, desserts etc), natural metal water (PERRIER, VITTEL, SAN PELLEGRINO etc), frozen products (LEAN CUISINE) and products of cerials (FITNESS, CLUSTERS, CHEERIOS etc). Also,in our days NESTLE is taken action in the sector of products of diet of small domestic animals (FRISKIES, GOURMET, FELIX etc), as in the sectors of ophthalmologic (ALCON, OPTI – FREE etc), dermatological pharmaceutical and cosmetic products (NUTRADERM, BENZAC etc). In Greece, Nestle has presence above 100 years and constitutes today one from the bigger industrial companies of foods and drinks. The group Nestle in Greece is today constituted by the companies NESTLE GREECE S. A, NESTLE GREECE ICE-CREAMS S. A, GROUP of CERIALS GREECE. and ALCON INTERNATIONAL GREECE LTD, has totally in 4 factories and occupies in total 1350 people. For the 2006 it realised turnover of 460,6 millions of Euros, with profits above 70 millions of Euros. Chairman and Directing Adviser of Group in Greece is Mr Evangelos Kaloysis which, then long-lasting international military service in the maximum levels of Nestle, undertook also the responsibility of wider region of South-eastern Europe that includes the emerging markets of Albania, Bulgaria and FYROM, as well as Cyprus. It should be marked that the bigger percentage of annual turnover of Group in our country makes from products of factories of Greece. In this assignment we examine and analyze the promotion strategy for the product of Nestle which is named Fitness nestle and it is breakfast cereals mainly for women. The fitness product is the best for women ‘line’. Fitness breakfast cereal helps women manage their line in a sensible way. Fitness helps women not only take off weight but also keep it off as it is made with delicious whole grain flakes. Research shows that women who eat more wholegrain tend to weigh less and are less likely to gain weight over time. Fitness also contains essential vitamins and minerals. Analytically the ingredients for the product are Kellogg’s Special K Cereal (51%) (Rice, Wheat {Wholewheat, Wheat Flour}, Sugar, Wheat Gluten, Defatted Wheatgerm, Dried Skimmed Milk, Salt, Barley Malt Flavouring, Vitamin C, Niacin, Iron, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin (B2), Thiamin (B1), Folic Acid, Vitamin B12), Glucose Syrup, Chocolate Pieces (11%) (Cocoa Mass, Sugar, Emulsifier {Soy Lecithin}), Fructose, Dextrose, Sugar, Humectant (Sorbitol, Glycerol), Vegetable Oil, Emulsifier (Soy Lecithin), Antioxidant (E320). First of all it will be defined the target audience. Geographically the whole region of Greece will be in target. Everywhere in Greece exists a supermarket which offers Nestle Fitness product line must be part of the target. In conclusion geographically there are no limits. Thus , all city sizes will be concluded. In order to be more specific for the target audience will be defined the demographic characteristics. Firstly both gender can use the product, but mainly women are the potential and major consumers, thus women will be focused. Fitness product line is addressed to individuals from 18 to 37 years old. Family status for these individuals is young, single, young married with no children and young divorced. Income segment target is ;= 10000 annual salary. Demographically exist no other constraints. Phychographically the target will consist individuals with lice style status upon the general average and their personality will be characterized as ambitious and selfish. Behaviouristic the target audience will be strong loyal , heavy and regular users, and their market factor sensitivity is more advertising. The promotion strategy will be planned only for a part of the product line of fitness, which need a push. Fitness bars is a line of 7 different flavours. Each flavour has a unique taste but common scope. The price of one package is 2. 57 euros and contains 6 bars. The main competitor is kellogs, which sales the same package in different flavours 2,61 euros. In order to gain a competitive advantage and gain a bigger market share Nestle will apply specific strategy to the promotion. In the spectrum of promotion strategy, this method contains different types of energies. First of all the action , which will take place into the place a consumer can purchase the product. Mostly this point will be in supermarkets or other types of stores where Fitnees bars are sold. A hard-paper stand will be set at the 300 biggest supermarkets. That stand will announce to the potential customer the special offer of the product. That offer will be a 0,30 euros discount and a membership to a contest. The action should represent AIDA’s principles. Attention, Interest, Desire, Action. Attention will be paid by the effectiveness of the stand. Stand will be constructed like a huge Fitness bar with horizontal sleeves and attractive colours. The basic colour for the background will be yellow, because has high impact to catch consumers eye particularly when used with black. After, the board will be in green, because this colour is a symbol of health and freshness and popular for mini products. Inside the packing will be concluded a coupon, in which the purchaser will have the possibility to take part to a contest with a winning prize of free annual membership fee in a popular gym. For this action the costs are: 5000 euros for coupon production, 25000 euros for the stands and no cost for the gym because of a deal. The second part of the promotion strategy, which will follow after the 20 days length of the first action is to promote the fitness bar product line to potential consumers through scientific dietician and nutritionist persons. In Greece exist around 1. 000 people with the previous characteristics. The action will be focused only to the top 150. These persons will be supplied with promotion material, which will explain in scientific terms product healthy characteristics. More specific, Nestle will provide material, which will illustrate the whole product line of the bars and give them as a present posts with a subject from the health world. In addition 10 packages of the product will be send to these persons. The costs of these are: 1500 euros for the material, 3000 for the posts. Finally the last action of the promotion strategy is to approach the 100 biggest gyms around Greece and offer them the range of the bar product with the effectiveness of 50% discount. In that way, Nestle makes two goals. First net sales, even with a good discount and secondly a presentation of the product into the place where the target audience mostly can be found. Totally the costs of these promotion actions will be around 35000 euros. According the desired sales results, costs sound tiny. Desired results are a market share boost of 5% for the next 6 months and an estimated 6% sales growth for the next year. References â€Å"NestleWatch. org†. NestleWatch. org. http://www. nestlewatch. org. Retrieved 2010-01-08. â€Å"FoodAndDrinkEurope. com†. FoodAndDrinkEurope. com. 2007-12-05. http://www. foodanddrinkeurope. com/news/ng. asp? n=81829-nestle-vivartia-milk-prices. Retrieved 2010-01-08. â€Å"Nestle: Following the Customers’ Tracks with Google Analytics†. Google Analytics. Archived from the original on 2007-02-20. http://web. archive. org/web/20070220225956/http://www. google. com/analytics/case_study_nestle. html. Retrieved 2007-02-21 How to cite Promotion Strategy Fitness Nestle, Essay examples

Policy Analysis Zero Fare Public Transport †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Policy Analysis for Zero Fare Public Transport. Answer: Introduction People quite often think that using their own vehicles for commutation is more economical and the marginal cost of its use is zero as compared to any other mode of transportation. There is a need for changing this concept of people as well as to make road traffic free, it is necessary for the government of Perth to introduce a policy which will help in making the public transportation free or at zero fare. Every city around the globe wants to formulate policies that will help in shifting and using public transport more often than their own private vehicles. By providing public transportation at zero fare, Perth will be able to reduce congestion from the road as well as it will prove beneficial for the environment (Cats, et al., 2014). Due to the congestion on the roads and environmental imbalance, countries have started thinking that, whether public transportation should be free or not. A good public transit is the need of the time, else the city will grind to halt. Sometimes, there are traffic jams which choke up the entire road for full day, hampering the day to day functioning of the people. Due to the use of a number of cars on the roads, the massive problems of emission of CO2 and smog come into existence. Thus, by providing a transportation without any cost included, the government can be able to encourage the people to avail its services more often. It will also be beneficial to the environment in the long run. Keeping in mind the pros and cons of free fare public transportation and the recommendations and feedback taken from various other cities and countries free fare public transportation, which will be discussed later, even our city Perth, Australia should formulate and implement such policy (Zureiqat, 2008). Evaluation of Proposed Policy A zero tariff transport is one where the passenger need not to pay for the public transportation used. There's a need for developing a policy for Perth to promote free fare transportation because it will increase the public transportation usage and decrease the traffic congestion. It is important for the Perth zero fare policy to be examined on its financial feasibility parameters. It is very essential to take into account the financial capital needed to adopt the policy, due to which it will be quite easy to explain the tax payers about every penny spent, as well as it will help in getting support for the system in the Perths political and social circle (Konai, et al., 2014). The analysis of the systems cash flows of revenues and cost on an annual basis is required for evaluating it on a financial basis. Maintenance costs, operation costs, general administration costs and tickets sales and collection costs are included in financial costs. To bring about a modal shift in favor of pub lic transport, a policy instrument that needs to be considered is pricing (Cats Susilo, 2017). Once the Perth free fare public transportation will come into existence, people will start experiencing its benefits and slowly and gradually will start appreciating the policy. The policy should be evaluated based on the previous experiences or case studies of other city or country free fare transportation system (Jones, 2016). For the local authorities of Perth and the policy makers, it will be one of their main priorities, to maintain and increase the market share of public transport. The city of Perth has seen a tremendous increase in the demand for transport to a similar increase in congestion due to traffic and it all leads to worsening the environmental conditions and Perths economic competitiveness. It is the demand of the time, for the creation of sustainable mobility, an attractive and dependable public transport services to be made available to its resident free of cost. Thus, it is the duty of Transport Administration of Perth City Council to formulate and implement a free fare transport system (Fightback Team, 2017). Total ridership and quality of service are the two important criteria for transit service. It should be taken into account, that if free fare policy will be implemented, how much the total ridership will change and who will be those riders. This will not only save related costs, but will also improve operational efficiency. Fare collection can be saved and costs can be controlled by the Perth Public Transport agency and by extending its system supply can capitalize on economies of scale of public transport. We can do an analysis of similar free fare transport system policy which was formulated and implemented in the city of Tallinn with a population of 43,6000 in January 2013. It became the first capital in EU to provide its citizens free fare public transport (Shearlaw, 2016). The residents were supposed to buy 2 Euro green card to avail free transportation. Due to this, there was a 5% decrease in the usage of the car, whereas an increase of a 6% in public transport usage between 2012-2013. The following are the objectives for the initiation of a full fledge free fare transport system:- Private car to public car modal shift promotion Unemployed and low income residents mobility improvement To increase the municipal income tax, encouraging the inhabitants to register themselves as residents of Tallinn 75% of the voters supported the policy to initiate the policy, which was approved by the city council. At the fare transport policy of Tallinn initiation, the policy makers said that the by increasing the municipal taxes, the lost ticket revenues will be recovered. In the year 2012, the annual revenues from the ticket was nearly 13 million euros (Eltis Team, 2017). Analysis of Perths Free Fare Transport Policy The Policy for free fare transport system for the city of Perth will be evaluated on a number of criteria mentioned below:- Fare free policy net cost: The net farebox recovery in smaller systems is usually less than 11 percent. Any net proceeds of fare collection can be cancelled out due to cost of collection, whereas in larger systems can be much greater and revenue can form a substantial portion of the operating budget (Perone Volinski, 2014). Policy impact on quality of service and ridership: Due to the policy there will be a substantial increase in the ridership. But it needs to be kept in mind what what kind of ridership is increasing or the commuters are good or bad for the system, or due to the free fare service, more and more number of people commuting and hence shoving away the existing commuters etc. Impact of policy on the goals of the community: Few important points should be noted that what will be the effect of the free fare transport service of the environment and traffic congestion, will it be able to create a positive perception for a long run for the transit system etc. There should be focus on service quality improvement and customers safety, to increase the choice ridership in the Perths transit system policy. If the fare is low, it can also cause problems which will lead to the deterioration of the Perth Transit system service, comfort and image. The citizens driving their own vehicle must be encourages to use public transport so that it cost nothing to them as they will feel cheated by paying taxes for a utility they are not using. Other than that, the cost of operation and maintenance of free fare public transport system need to be checked at every regular interval to keep it in control. Existing and Alternative Policies for Fare Free public transport The existing fare free public transport policy for the city of Perth can be beneficial to the community as a whole. It will be simple and easy in public transport system handling, there will be minimum congestion on the road, greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced. It will be easier to calculate the investment costs since there will be a fix income coming from the taxes. Though free fare public transport system has its own plus and minus points, but before implementing few points should be kept in mind, taking into considerations, the zero fare policies of other cities and countries. It can be and cannot be a right move for our city, which we will be able to tell only in the coming years. It is important to have a committed partner to fund such policy and the quality of the services should be maintained. The policy should be in a position to fixed routes as well as para transit services to the commuters. Lastly, there should be policing the system, wherein any joy-rider should be removed immediately. By doing an analysis of several other countries and cities fare transport policies, it has come into knowledge that other than free fare public transport, below mentioned options can also be considered, though it was observed that soundful evaluation of a small number of experiments can only be done. Thus, in the long run, it is hard to say that whether the policy will be able to sustain or not (Olsen, 2016). Free fare public transport for Limited Period: The city and state councils, to promote behavior shift toward public transport, to the non-regular users offer rides for free for a specific period of time. Such policy success can only be determined when the promotion period is over and behavioral change of the riders is measured. But such policy can also ;lead to increase in the number of disruptive passengers and over crowdedness. Free fare public transport for limited scale: In the city if Perth, any two running bus lines can be made free to the general public on working days. It can be done for a year so as to reduce the congestion from the city freeway.With past experiences in other cities, when this policy was implemented, it tripled the ridership to 15% new trips. Although the size of the pilot project can or cannot achieve the objective, but it will promote better utilization of capacity (Fearnley, 2013). Recommendations to the Perths existing free fare public transport policy The free fare public transport policy should be fair. There will be fewer non-riders who will be contributing to the policy, yet not utilizing the services. In the user pay system, scarce resources should be allotted efficiently. Due to fare free policy, there will be a rise in the ridership. Attention should be paid to the type of increasing ridership, overcrowdedness and any kind of problem riders, which can lead to the policys failure. The policys main aim is environmental balance and congestion free traffic system. Utmost importance needs to be given in that direction (Perone, 2002). To make the policy to run for long term, positive perception of the transit system needs to be formed. Regular surveys on the customers satisfaction and service quality need to be conducted. In a larger system like the one in the city of Perth, the net farebox recovery should be greater, wherein the revenue will form a substantial portion of the operating budget. The cost of operations, maintenance cost, security cost and labor cost should be kept in mind while drafting the policy (Jaffe, 2013). People quite often doubt on the success of the free fare public transport system and raise questions that it is only suitable for massive patronage growth. Though it is a very optimistic approach to formulate such policy which will help in benefiting the environment, traffic congestion, etc. Free fare public transport, for other goals and proposes very low achievement at a cost which is very high. Free fare transport funds are allotted by taking out funds from other public budget funds which is not liked by many. But having said that, such policy is a costly affair, but if it get political and public support, it will definitely turn into a successful scheme. References Cats, O., Reimal, T. Susilo, Y., 2014. Public Transport Pricing Policy Empirical Evidence from a Fare-Free Scheme, Available at: https://www.tallinn.ee/eng/freepublictransport/g13168s70247 Cats, O. Susilo, Y., 2017. The prospects of fare-free public transport: evidence from Tallinn. Transportation journal, 44(5), p. 10831104. Eltis Team, 2017. Introducing free public transport in Tallinn (Estonia), Available at: https://www.eltis.org/resources/videos/introducing-free-public-transport-tallinn-estonia Fearnley, N., 2013. Free Fares Policies: Impact on Public Transport Mode Share and Other Transport Policy Goals. International Journal of Transportation, 1(1), pp. 75-90. Fightback Team, 2017. Is zero-fares public transport the answer? A debate, Available at: https://fightback.org.nz/2017/03/15/is-zero-fares-public-transport-the-answer-a-debate/ Jaffe, E., 2013. How Free Transit Works in the United States, Available at: https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2013/03/how-free-transit-works-united-states/4887/ Jones, A., 2016. The benefits and challenges of students using public transit, Available at: https://transloc.com/blog-benefits-students-public-transit/ Konai, N., L'Homme, A. Yokoyama, C., 2014. Implementing a Zero-fare policy for the Sao Paul metro, Available at: https://lecture.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~zkanemoto/SaoPauloReport.pdf Olsen, D., 2016. Why Community and Public Transportation Should Be Fare-Free, Available at: https://web1.ctaa.org/webmodules/webarticles/articlefiles/Fare_Free.pdf Perone, J., 2002. Advantages and disadvantages of fare-free transit policy, Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.504.198rep=rep1type=pdf Perone, J. Volinski, J., 2014. Fare, free, or something in between?, Available at: https://www.nctr.usf.edu/pdf/473-132.pdf Shearlaw, M., 2016. The Tallinn experiment: what happens when a city makes public transport free?, Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/oct/11/tallinn-experiment-estonia-public-transport-free-cities Zureiqat, H., 2008. Fare policy analysis for public transport : a discrete-continuous modeling approach using panel data, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38003968_Fare_policy_analysis_for_public_transport_a_discrete-continuous_modeling_approach_using_panel_data